Annotations

-- Tar in Cigarettes – American Lung Association
www.lung.org/stop-smoking/smoking-facts/whats-in-a-cigarette.html

-- Smokeless Tobacco & Cancer – National Cancer Institute
www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/smokeless-fact-sheet

-- Dangers of Hookah – UMD Health
www.health.umd.edu/sites/default/files/Hookah%20Brochure-%20Final_0.pdf
www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/tobacco_industry/hookahs/index.htm

-- Facts About Snus – American Cancer Society
www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/tobacco-and-cancer/smokeless-tobacco.html

-- E-Cig Risks – Surgeon General
e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/

-- Product Nicknames & Facts - MD Anderson
mediaplayer.mdanderson.org/video-full/46B920BC-5AEE-41ED-98F7-0ACC417F79CA

-- Polonium-210 (nuclear waste) in tobacco smoke – American Journal of Public Health:
scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2008/08/29/radioactive-polonium-in-cigarette-smoke/

-- Other dangerous products in tobacco smoke (arsenic, succinic acid, lead, carbon monoxide, acetone, ammonia, and formaldehyde) – American Cancer Society
www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/tobacco-and-cancer/carcinogens-found-in-tobacco-products.html

-- Nicotine is Roach Killer –
Nicotine Keeps Leaf-Loving Herbivores at Bay. PLoS Biology. 2004;2(8):e250. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020250

-- Smoking causes wrinkles – Mayo Clinic
www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/quit-smoking/expert-answers/smoking/faq-20058153

-- Physical Effects of Tobacco on your Body – Health.com
www.health.com/health/gallery/0,,20340112,00.html#smoking-impacts-appearance-1

-- Smoking and Infertility – American Cancer Society
www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/tobacco-and-cancer/smoking-while-you-are-pregnant-or-breastfeeding.html

"Each day in the United States, more than 3,200 youth aged 18 years or younger smoke their first cigarette, and an additional 2,100 youth and young adults become daily cigarette smokers.”

-- Nicotine as Addictive as Heroin – NYTimes
www.nytimes.com/1987/03/29/magazine/nicotine-harder-to-kickthan-heroin.html?pagewanted=all

-- Each Cigarette Shortens Life by 11 Minutes – BBC News
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1117323/pdf/53.pdf

-- Firefighters Got Over 90,000 Calls About Smoking-Related Fires – NFPA
www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Fire-statistics-and-reports/Fire-statistics/Fire-causes/Smoking-Materials

-- Smoking leads to Absenteeism / Excess Cost to Bosses –
Addition Magazine (February 2013, Volume 108, Issue 2, Pages 231-446)
1. “A total of 29 longitudinal or cohort studies were included. Compared with non-smokers, current smokers had a 33% increase in risk of absenteeism[95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25–1.41; I2 = 62.7%; 17 studies]. Current smokers were absent for an average of 2.74 more days per year compared with non-smokers (95% CI: 1.54–3.95; I2 = 89.6%; 13 studies)" 2. ". . . best estimate of the annual excess cost to employ a smoker is $5816. This estimate should be taken as a general indicator of the extent of excess costs, not as a predictive point value.”

1. Weng, S. F., Ali, S., & Leonardi-Bee, J. (2013). Smoking and absence from work: systematic review and meta-analysis of occupational studies. Addiction, 108(2), 307-319. doi:10.1111/add.12015
2. Berman, M., Crane, R., Seiber, E., & Munur, M. (2014). Estimating the cost of a smoking employee. Tob Control, 23(5), 428-433. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050888

-- Second Hand Smoke Facts – UPMC
www.upmc.com/patients-visitors/education/breathing/Pages/smoking-and-lungs.aspx

-- 7000 Chemicals In Tobacco Smoke – FDA
www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/Labeling/ProductsIngredientsComponents/ucm535235.htm

-- Third Hand Smoke Dangers – Mayo Clinic
www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/third-hand-smoke/faq-20057791

-- Manchester Township Fire Caused By One Cigarette – The New York Times, July 22, 1997
www.nytimes.com/1997/07/22/nyregion/cigarette-caused-forest-fire.html

-- International Coastal Clean-Up Fact (2014/Million filters) – ICC Site
oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/International-Coastal-Cleanup_2017-Report.pdf

-- Filter Trash Effects on Environment – Longwood University
www.longwood.edu/cleanva/ciglitterarticle.htm

-- Smoking and Mental Health – Mental health Foundation
www.mentalhealth.org.uk/a-to-z/s/smoking-and-mental-health

-- Tobacco Triggers – National Cancer Institute
www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/withdrawal-fact-sheet

-- Smoking Causing Stained Teeth – American Dental Association
www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/s/smoking-and-tobacco

-- Smoking leads to Absenteeism / Excess Cost to Bosses –
Addition Magazine (February 2013, Volume 108, Issue 2, Pages 231-446)
“A total of 29 longitudinal or cohort studies were included. Compared with non-smokers, current smokers had a 33% increase in risk of absenteeism[95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25–1.41; I2 = 62.7%; 17 studies]. Current smokers were absent for an average of 2.74 more days per year compared with non-smokers (95% CI: 1.54–3.95; I2 = 89.6%; 13 studies)" 2. ". . . best estimate of the annual excess cost to employ a smoker is $5816. This estimate should be taken as a general indicator of the extent of excess costs, not as a predictive point value.”

1. Weng, S. F., Ali, S., & Leonardi-Bee, J. (2013). Smoking and absence from work: systematic review and meta-analysis of occupational studies. Addiction, 108(2), 307-319. doi:10.1111/add.12015
2. Berman, M., Crane, R., Seiber, E., & Munur, M. (2014). Estimating the cost of a smoking employee. Tob Control, 23(5), 428-433. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050888

-- Smoking Effects Flow of Oxygen – smokefree.gov
smokefree.gov/quitting-smoking/reasons-quit/health-effects

-- Cancers Caused By Tobacco – American Cancer Association
www.cancer.org/cancer/all-cancer-types.html

-- 70% of Smokers Want to Quit – CDC
www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6044a2.htm?s_cid=mm6044a2_w

-- It Takes Many Times To Quit – healthline.com
www.healthline.com/health-news/quitting-smoking-expect-failure-before-you-succeed

-- Smoking and the Brain – National Institute on Drug Abuse
teens.drugabuse.gov/teachers/mind-over-matter/nicotine/how-does-nicotine-act-brain

-- Nicotine and Endorphins –
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. neff.6@osu.edu
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22483037

-- Nicotine and Dopamine – Psychology Today
www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/nicotine

-- Nicotine and Anxiety – Calm Clinic
www.calmclinic.com/anxiety/lung-quit-smoking

-- Nicotine and Serotonin Relationship – livestrong.com
www.livestrong.com/article/129278-serotonin-nicotine-interaction/

-- Brain Images - US National Library of Medicine
Fowler, J. S., Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Pappas, N., Logan, J., Shea, C., … Wolf, A. P. (1996). Brain monoamine oxidase A inhibition in cigarette smokers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93(24), 14065–14069.

-- Tar in Cigarettes – American Lung Association
www.lung.org/stop-smoking/smoking-facts/whats-in-a-cigarette.html

-- Smokeless Tobacco & Cancer – National Cancer Institute
www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/tobacco/smokeless-fact-sheet

-- Dangers of Hookah – UMD Health
www.health.umd.edu/sites/default/files/Hookah%20Brochure-%20Final_0.pdf

-- Facts About Snus – American Cancer Society
www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/tobacco-and-cancer/smokeless-tobacco.html

-- E-Cig Risks – Surgeon General
e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/

-- “All nicotine products are addictive, deadly, and harmful to smokers and non-smokers too.” - National Institute on Drug Abuse
www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/cigarettes-other-tobacco-products

-- Tobacco Use in Top Grossing Movies –
Center for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR Weekly, Vol. 66, No. 26

-- Smoking In Movies Increases – Tobacco Use in Top Grossing Movies , 2010-2016
www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6626a1.htm?s_cid=mm6626a1_w

-- E-Cig Risks – Surgeon General
e-cigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/

-- Chemicals in E-cigs - Vaping Daily
vapingdaily.com/smoking-vs-vaping/tobacco-vs-ecigarette-ingredients/
"The aerosol created by e-cigarettes can contain ingredients that are harmful and potentially harmful to the public’s health, including: nicotine; ultrafine particles; flavorings such as diacetyl, a chemical linked to serious lung disease; volatile organic compounds such as benzene, which is found in car exhaust; and heavy metals, such as nickel, tin, and lead."
ecigarettes.surgeongeneral.gov/documents/2016_SGR_Fact_Sheet_508.pdf

-- Tobacco Companies Spend Billions on Ads – Tobacco Free Kids
www.tobaccofreekids.org/assets/factsheets/0156.pdf

-- Nicotine Present in Nicotine-Free E-Cigs –
Goniewicz, M. L., Gupta, R., Lee, Y. H., Reinhardt, S., Kim, S., Kim, B., . . . Sobczak, A. (2015). Nicotine levels in electronic cigarette refill solutions: A comparative analysis of products from the U.S., Korea, and Poland. Int J Drug Policy, 26(6), 583-588. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.01.020

-- Marijuana Affects Mental Development in Younger Users – - CDC
www.cdc.gov/marijuana/health-effects.htm
Tashkin, D. P. (2013). Effects of Marijuana Smoking on the Lung. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 10(3), 239-247. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201212-127FR

Moir, D., Rickert, W. S., Levasseur, G., Larose, Y., Maertens, R., White, P., & Desjardins, S. (2008). A Comparison of Mainstream and Sidestream Marijuana and Tobacco Cigarette Smoke Produced under Two Machine Smoking Conditions. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 21(2), 494-502. doi:10.1021/tx700275p

-- Smoking Kills 7 Million A Year – - World Health Organization
www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/